皆, 均, 统统 and 唯独: Advanced Words for “All” and “Only”
Learn the advanced scope adverbs for “all” (皆, 均, 尽, 统统/通通, 一概, 概), for “only” (唯, 唯独, 唯有, 无非) and 大体 “on the whole”.
文型
all: 皆／均／尽／统统／一概 + verb ・ only: 唯独／唯有 + the one item
Written 皆 and 均 mean 都, spoken 统统 means “every last one”, 一概 means “without exception”; 唯独 singles out the one exception and 唯有 the only way.
大家都按时到了，唯独小李还没来。
When to use 皆, 均, 统统 and 唯独: Advanced Words for “All” and “Only”
These adverbs mark the scope of a statement: does it cover everything, or only one thing? Words for “all” go after the subject and before the verb, like 都. 皆 and 均 are the written forms of 都 (人人皆知, 成绩均合格). 尽 (jìn) means “all, nothing but”, usually as 尽是 (地上尽是落叶). 统统 and 通通 are spoken and lively, “every last one” (统统收起来). 一概 and the even more formal 概 mean “without exception” and often come before a negative in rules (一概不准, 概不外借). Words for “only”: 唯独 picks out the one exception after a group (大家都来了，唯独他没来); 唯有 names the only condition, usually followed by 才 (唯有坚持，才能成功); 唯 is the short written form; 无非 means “nothing more than” (see its own guide). 大体 means “on the whole, roughly” (大体相同).
放学前，请把桌上的东西统统收进书包。
Before school ends, please put every single thing on your desk into your bag.
这次期末考试，全班同学的成绩均在八十分以上。
In this final exam, every student in the class scored above eighty.
考场内一概不准使用手机。
Mobile phones may not be used in the exam room under any circumstances.
这个道理人人皆知，可是能做到的人不多。
Everyone knows this principle, but not many people can actually do it.
よくある間違い
- 唯独 needs a group before it and picks out the exception: 大家都同意，唯独他反对.
- 皆, 均 and 概 are written; with friends say 都 or 统统, not 皆.
- 唯有 is followed by a 才 clause: 唯有努力，才能成功, not 唯有努力，能成功.
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