并, 而 and 与 for Formal “And”
In formal Chinese, 与 joins nouns, 并 joins verb phrases, and 而 joins adjectives.
문형
noun + 与 + noun; verb phrase + 并 + verb phrase; adjective + 而 + adjective
English “and” has three formal Chinese partners: 与 links nouns, 并 links two actions done by the same subject, and 而 links two adjectives. 和 only links nouns, so these words fill the gaps in written Chinese.
这个方法简单而有效。
When to use 并, 而 and 与 for Formal “And”
Choose by the kind of words you join. 与 joins nouns or noun phrases, like a formal 和: 老师与学生. 并 joins two verb phrases with the same subject, often “do A and then also do B”: 讨论并通过了计划, 阅读课文，并回答问题. 而 joins two adjectives that describe the same thing: 简单而有效 (simple and effective), 安静而美丽. All three are typical of written Chinese, school notices and reports.
请大家阅读课文，并回答下面的问题。
Please read the text and answer the questions below.
老师与学生都来参加了活动。
Both teachers and students came to the event.
会议讨论并通过了新的计划。
The meeting discussed and approved the new plan.
这是一个安静而美丽的小城。
This is a quiet and beautiful little town.
흔한 실수
- For two actions done one after another, use 并, not 和: 讨论并通过了计划.
- 而 joins adjectives, not nouns: say 老师与学生, not 老师而学生.
- These words sound formal; in casual talk, 和, 也 and 还 are more natural.
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