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Particles 者, 之, 等 and 就是

Use 者 for “a person who”, 之 as a formal 的, 等 to end a list, and 就是(了) to say “just…, that’s all”.

Padrão

verb/adjective + 者 = a person; A 之 B (formal A 的 B); list + 等; statement + 就是(了)

者, 之 and 等 are bookish tools from signs, news and set phrases; 就是了 is friendly spoken reassurance.

北京是中国最大的城市之一。

When to use Particles 者, 之, 等 and 就是

These four are grammar words, not content words. 者 goes after a verb or adjective to mean “a person who”: 读者 “reader”, 参加者 “participant”. 之 is a formal 的 used in set forms such as 之一 “one of” and 三分之一 “one third”. 等 closes a list (“and so on”), and 就是 at the very end of a sentence means “just…, that’s all”.

这本书很受读者欢迎。

This book is popular with readers.

很多汉语初学者觉得声调很难。

Many beginners in Chinese find the tones hard.

我们班三分之一的同学会弹钢琴。

A third of the students in our class can play the piano.

我喜欢吃水果，比如苹果、香蕉、西瓜等。

I like fruit, such as apples, bananas, watermelons and so on.

Erros comuns

  • Don’t use 之 as an everyday 的: say 我的书, not 我之书. Keep 之 for set forms like 之一 and 三分之一.
  • Fractions name the whole first: 三分之一 is “one third”; 一分之三 is wrong.
  • Don’t build 者 words freely: 学者 means “scholar”, not “student”. A learner is 学生 or 学习者.

Exercício direcionado

Pratique exatamente este padrão antes de avançar.

他 说的很有道理

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