Written-Style Connectors
Make essays, summaries, and formal notes flow more clearly.
Pattern
然而 / 此外 / 因此 + clause
Use written connectors to mark contrast, addition, and result.
这个办法很方便，然而价格较高。
When to use Written-Style Connectors
然而 introduces contrast, 此外 adds another point, and 因此 gives a result. These are more written than 但是, 另外, and 所以.
此外，我们还需要更多材料。
In addition, we need more materials.
总之，提前准备很重要。
In short, preparing in advance is important.
因此，报名时间需要延长。
Therefore, the registration period needs to be extended.
这个城市很大，然而交通很方便。
This city is large; however, transportation is convenient.
Common traps
- Written connectors can sound stiff in casual conversation.
- Do not use 然而 when there is no real contrast.
- 此外 adds, 因此 concludes, 总之 summarizes.
Targeted drill
Practice this exact pattern before moving on.
Keep this pattern in review.
You just practiced a real grammar card. Create a free account to save this pattern, schedule the next review, and keep studying from where you left off.
$14.99
HSK Access
One-time
Best Value
$49.99
Yearly Unlimited
Per year
$119.99
Lifetime
One-time